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1987-07-04
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Chapter 1 - Getting Started
WHAT IS AN IDENTIFIER?
Before you can do anything in any language, you must at
least know how you name an identifier. An identifier is
used for any variable, function, data definition, etc. In
the programming language C, an identifier is a combination
of alphanumeric characters, the first being a letter of the
alphabet or an underline, and the remaining being any letter
of the alphabet, any numeric digit, or the underline. In
the case of Turbo C, a dollar sign is permitted but not as
the first character of an identifier. It should be pointed
out that even though a dollar sign is permitted by the Turbo
C compiler, it is not used anywhere in this tutorial since
it is not in general use by C programmers, and is not even
allowed by most compilers. If you do not plan to write any
portable code, you can use it at will if you feel it makes
your code more readable.
Two rules must be kept in mind when naming identifiers.
1. The case of alphabetic characters is significant.
Using "INDEX" for a variable is not the same as using
"index" and neither of them is the same as using
"InDeX" for a variable. All three refer to different
variables.
2. As Turbo C is defined, up to 32 significant characters
can be used and will be considered significant. If
more than 32 are used, they will be ignored by the
compiler. You can reduce the number used to anything
less than 32 if you desire as a compiler option. You
should not do this for the duration of your study of
this tutorial as you could get some odd compiler
diagnostics.
WHAT ABOUT THE UNDERLINE?
Even though the underline can be used as part of a
variable name, and adds greatly to the readability of the
resulting code, it seems to be used very little by
experienced C programmers. It adds greatly to the
readability of a program to use descriptive names for
variables and it would be to your advantage to do so.
Pascal programmers tend to use long descriptive names, but
most C programmers tend to use short cryptic names. Most of
the example programs in this tutorial use very short names
for that reason.
Any computer program has two entities to consider, the
data, and the program. They are highly dependent on one
another and careful planning of both will lead to a well
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Chapter 1 - Getting Started
planned and well written program. Unfortunately, it is not
possible to study either completely without a good working
knowledge of the other. For this reason, this tutorial will
jump back and forth between teaching methods of program
writing and methods of data definition. Simply follow
along and you will have a good understanding of both. Keep
in mind that, even though it seems expedient to sometimes
jump right into the program coding, time spent planning the
data structures will be well spent and the final program
will reflect the original planning.
HOW THIS TUTORIAL IS WRITTEN
As you go through the example programs, you will find
that every program is complete. There are no program
fragments that could be confusing. This allows you to see
every requirement that is needed to use any of the features
of Turbo C as they are presented. Some tutorials I have
seen give very few, and very complex examples. They really
serve more to confuse the student. This tutorial is the
complete opposite because it strives to cover each new
aspect of programming in as simple a context as possible.
This method, however, leads to a lack of knowledge in how
the various parts are combined. For that reason, the last
chapter is devoted entirely to using the features taught in
the earlier chapters. It will illustrate how to put the
various features together to create a usable program. They
are given for your study, and are not completely explained.
Enough details of their operation are given to allow you to
understand how they work after you have completed all of the
previous lessons.
At this point, you should load and run FIRSTEX.C if you
have not yet done so, to see that the Turbo C compiler is
properly loaded and operating. If you have any problems,
see the COMPILER.DOC file for help in properly setting up
your computer to compile and run Turbo C programs.
A DISCUSSION OF SOME OF THE FILES
LIST.EXE
This file will list the source files for you with line
numbers and filename. To use it, simply type "LIST"
followed by the appropriate filename. Type LIST FIRSTEX.C
now for an example. The C source code is given later in
Chapter 14 along with a brief description of its operation.
After you have completed your study of Turbo C, you will
have the ability to read and understand the source code for
this program.
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Chapter 1 - Getting Started
PRINTALL.BAT
This is a batch file that will call the above LIST.EXE
file once for each of the example C programs, printing all
of the files out. If you want a hardcopy of all of the
files, enter PRINTALL and watch as your printer fills about
150 sheets of paper with C programs.
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